• Policy-level debates on universal newborn hearing screening emerged as a spectrum from caution against unproven benefits to endorsement of early detection, shaping state programs and standards [1], [12], [20], [8], [18].

• Technological validation of screening relies on two-stage strategies combining otoacoustic emissions and ABR, with automation and performance projections guiding feasibility, coverage, and error tradeoffs [7], [10], [14], [19], [3], [2].

• Implementation metrics emphasize screening reach, referral rates, costs, and state-system coordination to sustain universal screening, highlighting cost-efficiency analyses and national/regional rollout experiences [7], [18], [20], [19], [1].

• Clinical management after detection centers on amplification, real-ear verification, and individualized fitting, alongside evidence-based intervention pipelines and parent perspectives shaping outcomes [9], [4], [8], [13], [5].